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A Perl script can accept input from many different sources. It can read input from different files, from the standard input, and even from pipes. Because of this, you have to identify the source of your input within the program. This means that, unlike with Gawk but like with a shell program, you have to explicitly instruct a Perl script to read input. A particular source of input is identified by a file handle, a name used by programs to reference an input source such as a particular file. Perl already sets up file handles for the standard input and the standard output, as well as the standard error. The file handle for the standard input is STDIN. The same situation applies to output. Perl can output to many different destinations, whether they be files, pipes, or the standard output. File handles are used to identify files and pipes

Take actions depending on a certain condition. Repeat actions a number of times. Repeat actions until a certain condition is ful lled. Repeat actions while a certain condition is ful lled.

when used for either input or output. The file handle STDOUT identifies the standard output, and STDERR is the file handle for the standard error. We shall first examine how Perl uses the standard input and output, and later discuss how particular files are operated on. Perl can read input from the standard input or from any specified file. The command for reading input consists of the less-than (<) and greater-than (>) symbols. To read from a file, a file handle name is placed between them, <MYFILE>. To read from the standard input, you can simply use the STDIN file handle, <STDIN>, which is similar to the read command in the BASH shell programming language.

To use the input that <STDIN> command reads, you assign it to a variable. You can use a variable you define or a default variable called $_, as shown in the next example. $_ is the default for many commands. If the print command has no argument, it will print the value of $_. If the chomp command has no argument, it operates on $_, cutting off the newline. The myread script that follows illustrates the use of $_ with the standard input:

Go to a sub-part of the program, return from there, and continue execution from where the program branched off.

myread #!/usr/bin/perl # Program to read input from the keyboard and then display it. $_ = <STDIN>; #Read data from the standard input print "This is what I entered: $_"; #Output read data as part of a string $ myread larisa and aleina This is what I entered: larisa and aleina

You can use the print command to write data to any file or to the standard output. File handle names are placed after the print command and before any data such as strings or variables. If no file handle is specified, print outputs to the standard output. The following examples both write the "hello" string to the standard output. The explicit file handle for the standard output is STDOUT. If you do not specify an argument, print will output whatever was read from the standard input.

print STDOUT "hello"; print "hello";

Flow-control statements are not case sensitive, so While, WHILE, and while a re the same. Here is a simple program that shows three different ow-control structures:

Tip A null file handle, <>, is a special input operation that will read input from a file listed on the command line when the Perl script is invoked. Perl will automatically set up a file handle for it and read. If you list several files on the command line, Perl will read the contents of all of them using the null file handle. You can think of this as a cat operation in which the contents of the listed files are concatenated and then read into the Perl script.

You use the open command to create a file handle for a file or pipe. The open command takes two arguments: the name of the file handle and the filename string. The name of the file handle is a name you make up. By convention, it is uppercase. The filename string can be the name of the file or a variable that holds the name of the file. This string can also include different modes for opening a file. By default, a file is opened for reading. But you can also

for I = 1 to 5 //forward the robot 5 pixels rForward 1 next Input Enter a number ,N if N < 5 then print too small if N > 30 then print too large while N > 0 // make the robot turn N times rTurn 1 N = N-1 wend End

open a file for writing, or for appending, or for both reading and writing. The syntax for open follows:

open ( file-handle, filename-string);

Feb-82

In the next example, the user opens the file reports, calling the file handle for it REPS:

Refer to Sec. C.6 for detailed use of all the ow-control structures provided in RobotBASIC. Subroutines in RobotBASIC are created by surrounding a group of statements with a label and the command Return like this: